I read about this first on David Schraub’s blog:
They in fact control [America]. No matter which government comes in to power, whether Republican or Democratic, whether Barack Obama or George Bush. The control of America, just like the control of most Western countries, is in the hands of Jewish money and if Jewish money controls their country then you cannot expect anything else.
That statement was made by South African Deputy Foreign Minister Fatima Hajaig, at a Palestinian “solidarity” rally. Read the rest of David’s post and more here and here.
I am rushing out the door, but I think the connection to what I have been writing about, not to mention what David has been saying on his blog about this issue, will be self-evident.
Edited to add: I am almost done with the fourth antisemitism post; it’s been hard to work on it consistently now that school has started, but it’s just about there.
Update 1÷31÷09: The Chicago Sun-Times reports that Ms. Hajaig “has been taken before [South Africa’s] human rights body for allegedly saying that “Jewish money” controls the United States, officials said Thursday.”
And one more update: Things in Venezuela are worse than in South Africa, much worse.
Ugh… This just strikes me as incredibly sad. Some context: I’ve lived in Mozambique, traveled extensively in the region (quite a lot in Zimbabwe and a bit in South Africa), am preparing a fellowship proposal for study in South Africa, and have thought a lot about moving my academic career to Johannesburg. This is applicable because: Here’s where my own privilege starts to become glaring. I can go to South Africa and feel safe.
That said, there’s something about South Africa that has always been fascinating to me. That is, in the wake of apartheid they have the most ostensibly liberal constitution in the world. Most people don’t don’t know this. As a political scientist, my focus was on South Africa, though, and this is well-known among scholars of comparative politics. South Africa was the first country to legalize gay marraige. It has the greatest constitutional protections of women’s equality in the world.
And yet… Despite the instantiation of liberal rights (on a scale unprecedented in other parts of the world), there are undercurrents of bigoted views that are not very far from the surface – even at the highest level of South African politics. Everyone remembers how Thabo Mbeki famously expressed public doubt that AIDS could have originated in an African context because AIDS is a “gay disease,” and “there are no gay Africans.” And given that South Africa has long had the highest per capita number of rapes in the world, it’s also clear that liberal rights haven’t unconditionally equalized the status of women.
But as for this situation: Many South Africans see a lot of parallels between their historical struggle and that of the Palestinians (And to an extent, this is justified, though if one wants to be historically sensitive, the comparison of Palestinian territories to bantustans is not completely accurate or justifiable.). As such, it is not unheard of to hear “Zionists” used as a code for “Jews” in a way that makes it clear that the speaker is really thinking “supporter of the South African National Party” as a code for “Afrikaner.” It’s not surprising that this happens. But it does, I will say, strike me as incredibly sad. Not to mention, it’s terribly unsettling when words like that come from a political official. Otherwise, I don’t know what to say, except: This is horrific. If she were one of my own political officials, I would certainly petition that she lose her job. And I hope that’s what will happen in this case.
There has been criticsm of American Jews for conflating Jews and Israel too much. Some of that criticism is deserved. It does happen too much, and it’s a problem. But we get it from both sides. When opponents of Israel or Israeli policies also conflate Jews and Israel (which seems to me to happen a lot), I think it makes a lot of Jews outside Israel feel insecure/unsafe and that, in turn, makes them feel like they may need Israel someday or makes them not want to criticize Israel. It’s a vicious circle.
chingona: Honestly, I’ve only criticized one person for doing that, but I can believe that this is probably a trend that goes beyond just me. It’s not something that I…actually hear very much (that is, the conflation of Jewish people and Israel). I can understand the historical relationship, but I don’t have much sympathy for essentialism on either side, to be honest. Also, I think it’s possible to understand one’s historical relationship to the state of Israel without referring to oneself as “Israeli” or using plural first person prepositions in discussing Israeli state actions. To be clear.
Do you hear people do this a lot? I don’t, but I might not move in the right circles.
To clarify, what I was trying to get at in my first comment is that while I don’t think statements like the deputy foreign minister’s justify essentialism, there’s a perception that those sentiments are either widely held or simply won’t be condemned on the pro-Palestinian left. Maybe that’s not a fair perception, but when someone in such a prominent role can say something like that without any apparent sanction, it enhances that perception.
My sentiment also (and perhaps chingona can correct me if I’m off base) is that if Ms. Hajaig had replaced “Zionist” for “Jew” (“The control of America, just like the control of most Western countries, is in the hands of Zionist money and if Zionist money controls their country then you cannot expect anything else.”) most Jews would not interpret the statement any differently. Which is not to say that “Jew” and “Zionist” are mutually inclusive categories, merely that when Zionist is used in that way, it comes off as code.
The only difference, at least as far as I can see, is that Ms. Hajaig felt comfortable enough to drop the façade giving her deniability. Which is a very bad thing, but not because it makes the content any worse so much as the signal it sends about how warm Ms. Hajaig feels the water is for these sorts of sentiments.
chingona and David: Right, I see what you’re both saying. That would also be how I interpreted it. I thought chingona was suggesting that the Left makes too big of a deal when Jewish people also conflate Jews with Israel, and I assumed that this was a reference to the threads of the past several days? So, I was trying to explain that I have a problem with this too, of course. Maybe I misunderstood something you said, chingona?
Also, as far as “how warm the water is for these sort of sentiments.” It’s not my impression that this is new in South Africa. I actually read a book on this a few years ago, and now I’m blanking on the title… My first post was meant to put the South African example in some context.
Right, then, so here’s what chingona says:
“There has been criticsm of American Jews for conflating Jews and Israel too much. Some of that criticism is deserved. It does happen too much, and it’s a problem. But we get it from both sides.”
I only brought up essentialism because you made this point. Anyway, so this is clearer here:
“while I don’t think statements like the deputy foreign minister’s justify essentialism, there’s a perception that those sentiments are either widely held or simply won’t be condemned on the pro-Palestinian left. Maybe that’s not a fair perception, but when someone in such a prominent role can say something like that without any apparent sanction, it enhances that perception.”
No, I don’t think it’s fair to assume that of everyone on whatever constitutes “the pro-Palestinian left” believes this. I’m actually still unclear on what you’re saying… Were you referencing the past several threads or just referring to this piece of news?
My point was just: Yes, it makes sense how this might happen among some Jewish communities. Even so, I’m not okay with essentialism on either side (that is, with either side suggesting that Jews=Israelis=Zionists). And, no, I haven’t heard many Jewish people do this either, but… So, if we’re talking about recent posts, I (and many others) thought David did and called that out. Sorry, David, not trying to use you as a punching bag here. Just trying to figure out what’s going on. In any case, I hadn’t planned on bringing this up – I thought it was what was being brought up?
Anyway, back to the topic… I would suggest that this kind of thing actually constitutes what one could plausibly call structural antisemitism. I am not convinced that some of the highly individualized accounts of antisemitism over the past few days would, but this kind of thing – a state official getting away with this kind of speech – would seem to fall into that category.
sorry, I’ll clarify. This sentence should read as follows:
“I am not convinced that some of the highly individualized accounts of antisemitism [we’ve read in these various threads] over the past few days would [be structural in nature], but this kind of thing – a state official getting away with this kind of speech – would seem to fall into that category.”
Rereading my first comment, I expressed myself very poorly. I was in a hurry because I was at work. I’m still at work. I’ll explain better what I mean later. I just wanted to comment quickly before you spend any more energy parsing my statement. It may not be parsible in its current state.
But I wasn’t really referring just to you or just to David but more to a general sense from these posts and the Feministe discussion and other discussion on other blogs before any of had the pleasure of each other’s company.
So hang tight. I’ll be back later tonight to try to explain myself.
The other thing that struck me when I read Ms. Hajaig’s remarks was: What if she does get fired?
Most of me would be very happy. But a small (but not insignificant) part of me is very nervous at the prospect.
If Ms. Hajaig is fired, she’s not going to think “boy, I really must have said something awful.” And I don’t think the folks who are sympathetic to her are going to be like “yeah, that statement was really out of line.” What was she talking about? How Jewish influence controls all. What happens to her when she says it? She gets fired! To her and her allies, that’s not going to be repudiation — it’ll be a data point.
This was one of the points I was trying to get at with the hyperpower thing — it really boxes Jews in when stuff like this comes up, because the act of trying to mobilize and complain itself can be appropriated as proof of how we’re pulling the strings. It’s a problematic dynamic; one I really don’t know how to break out of. And it’s something that I feel binding me when I want to do advocacy on issues like this.
If Ms. Hajaig keeps her job, it’s proof that she was only saying what was right (or at least, justifiable), and the government at least tacitly concurs (and bravely standing up to the Jews in doing so). If Ms. Hajaig loses her job, it’s proof that she was right as well, and she is now a casualty of the all-mighty cabal. I think all told the former is worse than the latter, but either way, we’re going to take a hit.
So here’s what I meant to say the first time. You did misunderstand me a little, but I take full responsibility for that. I also misunderstood your response, which I think led to our rather baffling exchange above.
Anyway …
There’s a variety of people who have positioned themselves as the official spokesmen of the Jewish people, and they go around acting like any criticism of Israel is an attack on the Jewish people. They’ve cheapened the accusation of antisemitism to the point that it’s lost all meaning.
A lot of people are tired of this. They say, hey, we’re not attacking Jews, we’re criticizing the actions of a government.
And I agree that anyone should be able to criticize the actions of the Israeli government, even very strongly, without it being considered an attack on Jews.
But when the rhetoric used to criticize Israel conflates Jews and Israel or uses Zionist in a way that is clearly a code word for Jews, well, in that case criticism of Israel IS an attack on Jewish people.
So while I don’t think the presence of antisemitic rhetoric on the left justifies American Jews giving unconditional support to Israel, if rhetoric like that is either a) common or b) allowed to slide as if there’s nothing wrong with it, I think the reluctance of a lot of Jews to openly criticize Israel (or criticize outside of Jewish circles) or openly ally with pro-Palestinian groups is somewhat more understandable, as is increased suspicion toward criticism of Israel. Because some of it is completely legitimate and some of it really is not, and it’s not always immediately obvious which one you’re dealing with.
Circling back to David’s point, I agree with him that you can replace Jewish with Zionist in that quote and it’s still just about as bad, but she now has plausible deniability. If you use Zionist in that quote, you have a pretty standard criticism that I feel like I hear a lot (and I’m willing to concede that I may be oversensitive — the problematic rhetoric may stand out more in my memory).
None of this is to say that Zionism as an idea or Zionist as an adjective should be out of bounds (in my opinion).
But it is a really loaded word that means a lot of different things to different people. The possibility for misunderstanding is high, and I think bigots exploit the ambiguity to say things they wouldn’t otherwise be able to say. (And political hacks exploit the ambiguity to fake outrage.)
Consider the difference in these two phrases: “Zionists control the media” and “The U.S. media is biased toward Israel.” The first one sets me twitching like crazy, but if I raise an objection, I’ll likely get accused of playing the antisemitism card. The latter one is something we can talk about, and not just because I think there’s a lot of validity to that charge but also because it’s not phrased in such a way that I’m either forced into agreeing with a nasty stereotype about the group to which I belong or forced into turning a discussion about media bias into an accusation of antisemitism against the speaker.
So that’s what I was trying to get at in the beginning, as well as responding to some of the comments following it.
So it wasn’t directed at you (or at your interaction with David). I was aiming for a general observation about a problem that I thought this news item provided a good example of.
I guess my question for you, from your experience with Palestinian solidarity activism, is how do you think the audience would respond if something like what the deputy minister said were said at a rally in the U.S.? And how do you think they would respond if someone said the same thing but used Zionist? How would it be received if someone said it sitting around in a small group, in a conversation?
I think David’s last point is a good one.
And Kristin, I did appreciate the contextual information about South Africa. It makes a lot of sense to me that black South Africans would feel a sense of connection to the struggle of the Palestinians. I also have a vague sense that Israel was friendly with the apartheid régime, but perhaps they just sold them weapons. I don’t know where I picked up that idea, so it may be wrong. (Perhaps you know?)
chingona:
I’ll have to answer quickly because I have to move on to teaching.
“I also have a vague sense that Israel was friendly with the apartheid régime,”
The short answer is that: Yes, it had a lot to do with weapons trading. Throughout much of the ’60’s, Israel had been quite critical of the apartheid régime, but the relationship became friendly around weapons trade in the ’70’s and ’80’s. South Africa is well-known for having been a kind of pioneer in modern mercenary warfare (Executive Outcomes is the most well-known.), and the state of Israel was involved in helping them to organize this industry. Also, the Israeli government is alleged to have assisted the apartheid régime in developing the nuclear bomb (I’ve seen this mentioned in history books, but honestly don’t know a lot of details.). The relationship was fraught because many apartheid leaders – including the prime minister at that time – had been Nazi sympathizers to the point of contributing money to the Nazi régime (Even though I have a big problem with the conflation of Israel with Nazi Germany, I think this relationship is, in part, where it came from.). More currently, the South African govenrment maintains friendly relations with Israel, but its public officials are known for polemical rhetoric against it.
In any case, of course, the US government was also involved in all of these things – and in particular in some of the worst atrocities commited by the South African apartheid state (notably, for proxy warfare in Angola and Mozambique throughout the duration of the Cold War.).
Anyway, you also asked:
“I guess my question for you, from your experience with Palestinian solidarity activism, is how do you think the audience would respond if something like what the deputy minister said were said at a rally in the U.S.? And how do you think they would respond if someone said the same thing but used Zionist? How would it be received if someone said it sitting around in a small group, in a conversation?”
So, it has been a few years since I lived in a community with a vibrant activist community, but… Basically, I can’t speak for Palestinian solidarity activism as a whole. Rather, the group with which I was involved was a fairly equal mix of Muslim and Jewish students and community activists. And so: On the few occasions in which I heard these statements made (And it only happened once or twice – always in situations regarding one particular person.), they were called out in conversation. Which is, of course, a heartening trend. So, I never saw comments like that one go unchecked, no.
That said… While I think it’s problematic for anyone to say it, I do think it’s significant that the Left has virtually no political power in the United States. It strikes me as far more alarming when a state official gets away with something like this than when some random eighteen year old activist harbors these beliefs. Neither is desirable, but for a state official to get away with it – that would more clearly suggest a more structural problem.
Also, to be honest, the only time I really ever heard such statements go (largely) unchecked was at an ANSWER rally. It’s a problem at these functions, but then, it’s also useful to remember that ANSWER is a pretty fringe-y organization itself – and one with a Leninist ideology that isn’t taken particularly seriously. I stopped going after my undergrad years because of the extremist elements at those functions.
Kristin:
A bit upthread, you wrote this:
From what I remember of the stories, particularly in the Sharing Stories thread on Alas, I generally agree with you, but I think it’s also important to point out that something can be structural locally – i.e., in a school, in a town – without it being structural at the national level. I am thinking specifically, only because it comes to my mind easiest, of my experience with the silence of my teachers when I was in grade school and with the inaction of my town regarding the antisemitic graffiti.
My reason for bringing this up is not to quibble about what is and is not structural. I want to point out that, given the global reach of antisemitism, structural antisemitism in, say, South Africa is likely to be experienced as pretty threatening to Jews in other parts of the world as well, even if the threat is not immediately present at that level in their countries; and it is threatening, in part, because the more subtle, local kinds of structural antisemitism are perceived by Jews as opportunities either to plug into the kinds of things we are talking about in South Africa, or for the kinds of things we are talking about in South Africa, should they come “here” (wherever “here” is) to plug into.
(And while I do agree with you that some of the more individualized experiences of antisemitism are not, strictly speaking, structural in the sense that you are talking about, they are certainly structuring of and structured by the culture in which we live. Well, there’s more I want to say about this, but I am looking at the clock and I need to run.)
Yes, what Richard said. I agree that there is no chance that any American government official would ever say what Ms. Hajaig said (much less get away with it). And that’s a very good thing — but as much of a political junkie as a I am, not even I get to live my life in the Rayburn building. I live in particular towns, and communities, and work at particular offices and educate myself at particular schools.
In some of these places, opinions like Ms. Hajaig’s are more salient than in others, and especially when I’m going somewhere new I really don’t know how salient they are. And to the extent the sentiments are live, they “link up” — what happens to Ms. Hajaig in SA can be used by an ANSWER activist at UC to buttress his argument about the proper treatment of Jews in South Africa, at the Univ. of Chicago, and around the world. I’m glad that such opinions won’t get a strong hearing in the US Senate — but that’s only some consolation if it drives me out of the employee lounge of my office.
I have a hard time seeing antisemitism as structural in the same way as sexism or racism is structural in this country. On a day to day basis, being a woman has an infinitely larger impact on my life than being Jewish does. But the collection of relatively minor antisemitic incidents I have experienced in my life have had a cumulative effect. There’s a nagging doubt, a seed of insecurity, and the soil it’s planted in is the whole arc of Jewish history and my knowledge of just how bad antisemitism can be. There’s an aspect there that can be unhealthy or unhelpful if we let it — I think we need to acknowledge the progress that’s been made, the ways in which things are different than they were — but that history is always there and it’s not going away.
Adding to the insecurity is the rather unlikely places I have seen antisemitism. I lived for two and a half years in Paraguay as a Peace Corps volunteer. Paraguay has a very small Jewish population, concentrated in the capital, and while the community is generally well-off, it’s not tied in with any politically significant group in a way that would explain the existence of antisemitism. But it was not unusual to see graffiti saying “Hitler was right” or “Hitler should have finished the job.” A lot of Nazis escaped to Paraguay after the war and were protected by the government. One Jewish volunteer in a site very near me was visiting with a family in her community when one of the men asked if she wanted to see something interesting. He disappeared into a room for what seemed like a long time, and he came out dressed in an impeccably preserved, 100 percent complete SS uniform. The bombs used to attack the Israeli Embassy and the Jewish Community Center in Buenos Aires in the mid-1990s almost certainly were built by Hezbollah in Paraguay, but the Paraguayan government did everything in its power to thwart Argentine investigators trying to prosecute the case. Hezbollah continues to engage in a lot of commercial activity and arms trafficking there with no government interference. The dictator in power for most of the second half of the 20th century was ethnically German and a fascist, so he had his reasons, but Hezbollah is protected by an ethnically Paraguayan and somewhat democratic government.
Antisemitism seems to exist in this disassociated state, as if it sprang from nothing, and that quality makes it harder for me to be confident that the progress Jews have made in the U.S. could not someday be undone. I’m about 95 percent that we’ll be just fine, but I bring that extra 5 percent into every discussion I have about this and into every half-conscious, split-second decision I make about whether or not to reveal that I’m Jewish.
I’m not trying to suggest that we have it “worse than” or “as bad as” any one of a dozen different groups who still face more legal discrimination and open bigotry than Jewish people do in the United States today. I’m trying to explain why the little things matter more than they might seem like they should.
Tangent: South Africa has some weird connection to Paraguay. I met a number of white South Africans there, most of them farmers, many of whom had left South Africa after the end of apartheid.
One more story, if you’ll forgive me, a story I had completely forgotten about until after I wrote the above comment, that shows how these things can circle around.
Peace Corps and the volunteer organization traditionally organized a Thanksgiving dinner at hotel in a resort town about an hour outside the capital. Someone came up with the idea of shifting the Thanksgiving party to an area in the east of the country, near some significant Jesuit mission ruins, mostly as an excuse to give volunteers who lived closer to the capital an excuse to travel to another part of the country. Everyone was pretty supportive of this idea, until the volunteer organization announced the hotel where the dinner would be held. Several Jewish volunteers had stayed at this hotel in the past with their parents when their families had come to visit them. They had a seen a number of things at the hotel that disturbed them, and they were fairly confident that several old Nazi fugitives lived there full-time, sheltered by the hotel owner, who was also German. This wasn’t based just on the nationality of the old men in question, but on a number of things they had seen and heard said at this hotel. One family was so upset they left sooner than they had planned, which is a bigger deal than it might seem because there aren’t a lot of nice places to stay in Paraguay.
The Jewish volunteers said they didn’t want to hold Thanksgiving at this hotel, partly because they wouldn’t feel comfortable there and partly because they didn’t want to give a substantial amount of money to someone they believed was harboring war criminals.
The reaction of the non-Jewish volunteers was that the Jewish volunteers were being oversensitive and “ruining” Thanksgiving for everyone else by raising these absurd concerns. The discussion devolved until a few volunteers were actually screaming at the Jewish volunteers who had raised the objections that they were racist against Germans.
In the end, we had Thanksgiving at the usual place, and it was fine. So I suppose the Jewish side “won,” and to be fair, a significant number of non-Jewish volunteers felt that if the Jewish volunteers felt that strongly, it wasn’t worth it to stick with the plan. But there also was a fair amount of resentment toward the volunteers who had objected.
This was among a group that was almost entirely made up of people who identify as liberal or progressive. I know that many of us spoke up whenever Paraguayans expressed bigotry toward native people or toward blacks or toward gays (all of which occurred frequently). But when the Jewish volunteers had a problem spending their Thanksgiving with real, actual Nazis, the general reaction was that they were just being a pain in the ass.
chigona — thanks for comment #22.
I have a lot more to say but thanks is going to have to be it for now.
Eva … you’re welcome? I guess I’ll have to wait to find out what I did right.
Richard … I can paste them over there. The first one doesn’t seem to quite fit with the proposal for the thread, but if you want it there, I’ll put it there.
Richard, about that update. One, I think the lead of the article is a bit misleading. A Jewish civil rights group in South Africa has filed a complaint, and it’s been received by the commission. Two, the comments on the article are almost to a one full of really vile antisemitism, many of which illustrate David’s point about how combating antisemitism just convinces some that the Jews control everything.
The comments include this gem, to which the writer was not even embarrassed to sign his name:
Or this:
And it’s not just that some people on the Internet wrote a bunch of offensive stuff. It’s that the Sun-Times has a function that allows readers to report inappropriate comments, and either no readers found this stuff bigoted enough to be worth reporting, or the comments were reported and the Sun-Times doesn’t consider them bad enough to remove.
chingona:
I had not even thought to look at the comments, but I just went to look and some comments have been removed and I reported a bunch of them just to seem what happens.
I nearly didn’t look, either, and then I was sorry I did. Where I live in the Southwest, on-line newspaper comments are a total cesspool of anti-Mexican and anti-immigrant sentiment. At my own paper, I think for far too long we hardly intervened at all, allowing a really vile culture to flourish in our own forum. Someone had to basically say that all Mexicans should be killed before a comment would be removed. Finally a few Hispanic employees collected several hundred pages of print-outs of comments and sent them to corporate with a very well done letter asking the executives how they, as Latin@s, were supposed to feel about their employer voluntarily providing a forum for these views. Now any thread related to immigration or crime is very heavily moderated. It’s still bad, but not as bad. The equivalent of the first one I cited would come off, but the equivalent of the second one probably would not.
But anyway, my big-picture point is that David is right that incidents of antisemitism in another country, far away, that don’t seem to have anything to do with our own country, can connect to sentiments here. And of course, if the charming man with the Russian grandfather sees his comment removed, it will be one more example of how Jews control everything and will not brook any criticism.
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chingona–
These two stories you have told would go great on the antisemitic stories post on Alas. Do you mind if I link them? Or if you want just to copy and paste?
chingona: I think post them both over at Alas. I think the bit in the first story about seeing the graffiti is relevant over there; the rest of what you say in that comment provides context.